| Borssele Nuclear Power Station | |
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Borssele NPP |
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| Country | Netherlands |
| Coordinates | |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | 1969 |
| Commission date | October 26, 1973 |
| Operator(s) | N.V. Elektriciteits Produktiemaatschappij Zuid-Nederland (EPZ) |
| Reactor information | |
| Reactors operational | 1 x 515 MW |
| Power generation information | |
| Annual generation | 3,273 GW·h |
| Net generation | 108,414 GW·h |
| As of July 25, 2007 | |
The Borssele Nuclear Power Station (Kernenergiecentrale Borssele) is a nuclear power plant in the Dutch town of Borssele. It has a pressurised water reactor (PWR). Borssele is the only nuclear power plant still operational for electricity production in the Netherlands. Its net output is 485 MWe.
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The Borssele nuclear power plant was built by Siemens and has been operational since 1973. Originally it was built primarily to supply relatively cheap electricity to aluminum producer Pechiney. In 2006, the installation of a modern steam turbine brought the original output from 449 MW to 485 MW.
In July 2011, Borssele received from the government the permission to burn MOX fuel.[1] Currently, the uranium used by Borssele comes from Kazakhstan.[2]
Areva NC[3] reprocesses the spent fissionable material. Part of the deal is that the radioactive waste (i.e. the products of the reprocessing which are not useful) are taken back by the Netherlands.
The Central Organization for Radioactive Waste (COVRA), also in Borssele, is the national storage facility for all radioactive wastes. It is a surface facility suitable for the next 100 years.
Borssele produces around 12 tonnes of high level waste annually.[4]
The nuclear plant had a long lasting contract with the nuclear recycling-factory in La Hague. This contract will end in 2015. Since 2006 it was impossible to transport the used fuel-rod to France, because the French laws on nuclear fuel were changed. The new law insisted that the nuclear waste should return to Holland within a short period. This required a change in Dutch law too, but it took 5 years before all new permissions for transports were handled by the "Raad van State", and all questions of civilians and all opposition against the transports were handled properly. All that time it was impossible to sent spent fuel to France, and the used fuel rods were piling up in the spent fuel pool. Between 2012 and 2015 ten transports were planned, in which each time 50 percent more fuel rods than usual would be taken by train to La Hague. The reprocessed uranium would be enriched in Russia, by mixing it with high enriched uranium from nuclear powered submarines, discarded after the cold-war. A quarter of the uranium would stay in Russia, to be used in nuclear power stations there. [5] The first transport was at 7 June 2011. Although activists tried to delay the transport, the next day the fuel rods arrived in La Hague.
The use of nuclear energy is a controversial issue in Dutch politics. The first commercial nuclear plant in the Netherlands, Dodewaard, was decommissioned in 1997 after only 28 years of service. This decision was taken against the background of political opposition to nuclear energy. In 1994, government and parliament decided to close down the Borssele plant as of 2004. However, due to legal action by owners and employees of the plant and changes in government policy in 2002, the decommissioning was delayed until 2013, meaning the plant would exactly fulfill its originally intended life span of 40 years. In recent years nuclear energy has become less controversial in the Netherlands and is increasingly viewed as one of many possibilities to reduce CO2 emissions and increase national energy self-reliance. As a result, the Dutch government decided in 2006 that Borssele would remain operational until 2033.[6] In June 2006, the government made a contract ("Borssele-convenant") with the owners of the plant, Delta and Essent. Delta and Essent commit themselves to pay 250 Mio Euro into a 'fonds voor duurzame energie' (fund for the R&D of renewable energy) from their windfall profits being generated by the prolongation of the operating time.[7]
In 2009, the Dutch utility Delta, which owns 50% of Elektriciteits Produktiemaatschappij Zuid-Nederland (EPZ), submitted a start-up memorandum to the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, beginning the process of building a second unit at Borssele. The choice of reactor design for the new project has not been disclosed, although Delta says it expects construction costs to be in the order of €4–5 billion ($6–7 billion). The company said in 2009 that if all goes well, a construction permit application could be submitted in 2012, with a construction start date of 2013, and plant operation in 2018.[8] In June, Delta announced that it will become the majority shareholder of the nuclear power plant in Borssele.[9]
Since 1980 the Dutch government publishes yearly reports of malfunctions and accidents in nuclear power plants. These reports show that up to and including 2009 there were 372 incidents.[10] During these incidents there were regular malfunctions of safety precautions. In 1981, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989 and 2006 there had been problems with the emergency power supplies.
Table of malfunctions & accidents at the Borssele Nuclear Power Station
| Year | Amount | Year | Amount | Year | Amount | Year | Amount | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 17 | 1990 | 18 | 2000 | 12 | 2010 | ? | |||
| 1981 | 16 | 1991 | 23 | 2001 | 9 | |||||
| 1982 | 11 | 1992 | 20 | 2002 | 10 | |||||
| 1983 | 7 | 1993 | 21 | 2003 | 6 | |||||
| 1984 | 11 | 1994 | 17 | 2004 | 8 | |||||
| 1985 | 7 | 1995 | 8 | 2005 | 13 | |||||
| 1986 | 8 | 1996 | 14 | 2006 | 17 | |||||
| 1987 | 17 | 1997 | 15 | 2007 | 5 | |||||
| 1988 | 10 | 1998 | 10 | 2008 | 6 | |||||
| 1989 | 25 | 1999 | 8 | 2009 | 3 | |||||
| Total since 1980 | 358 | |||||||||
In 1996 there was an INES 2-incident (on a scale of 7) at Borssele. Nobody got hurt.[11]
Based on information from the website of the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning, and the Environment[12] and the Energy Research Center of the Netherlands.[13]